تأثير الخصخصة في واقع الاقتصاد العراقي
(بحث في وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي انموذجا)
الكلمات المفتاحية:
الخصخصة ؛ التعليم، الاقتصاد العراقي، وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي
الملخص
خصخصة التعليم هي عملية نقل وتحول كلي أو جزئي للمؤسسات التعليمية من القطاع العام الى الخاص والتي لها دور مهم في مجال التعليم وتطويره ورفع كفاءة الانتاج العلمي والمهني وتشجيع اصحار رؤوس الاموال على الاستثمار داخل البلد بقصد التوجه نحو التغيير في البناء الاقتصادي للدولة والتقليل من حجم الانفاق العام والتنوع في مصادر التمويل ، لذا تكمن مشكلة البحث في الاثار الناتجة عن خصخصة المؤسسات التعليمية من القطاع العام الى الخاص ومدى تأثيرها الاقتصادي في واقع التعليم العالي ، لذا يهدف بحثنا الى بيان توزيع الادوار بين القطاع العام والخاص في ظل برنامج الخصخصة وامكانية التحول الى قطاع تعليمي منتج من الناحية الاقتصادية والاكاديمية ، ولتحقيق هدف البحث طبق في وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي ، وقد توصل البحث الى عدة استنتاجات اهمها :
- عملية الخصخصة هي تغيير في الاسلوب والتشغيل لادارة المؤسسات لتتفق ومبادئ القطاع الخاص .
- توسيع مساهمة القطاع الخاص في النشاط الاقتصادي .
- التعليم الخاص احد المرتكزات الداعمة لقطاع التعليم الحكومي وبنسبة 3% من ايراداتها الكلية .
ومن اهم التوصيات ضرورة وضع رؤية إستراتيجية قومية وطنية لمنظومة التعليم والبحث العلمي تحدد بدقة عالية دور المعرفة في تحقيق أهداف التنمية وما مطلوب من مؤسسات التعليم العالي الحكومي والاهلي بصفتها مؤسسات منتجة للمعرفة والتعليم وأن تندرج هذه الرؤية في تفاصيلها حتي تصل لمستوى الإستراتيجية في كل جامعة.
المراجع
[1] Al-Sharif, Lulu’a Muhammad Salih (2018), Justifications and Cautions for Privatizing Higher Education, Scientific Journal of the Faculty of Education - Assiut University, Volume 34, No. 11, pages 525-558
[2] Al-Mana, Aziza (2003), does privatization meet education needs? Attitudes of educational leaders in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia towards the privatization of public education in it, Damascus University Journal, Volume 19, Number 2, pp. 96-140.
[3] Nima, Manaf Marza and Dakhil, Alaa Abbas (2019), strategies for financing education and the possibilities of shifting towards a productive university and achieving integration in the labor market, selected experiences with special reference to Iraq, Iraqi Journal of Economic Sciences, Vol. 17, No. 61, p. 62- 86.
[4] Al-Obaidi, Ibrahim Abdel-Latif (2011), Privatization between Islamic Economy and Positive Economy - A Comparative Study, 1st Edition, Department of Islamic Affairs and Charitable Activities in Dubai, UAE.
[5] Al-Mutairi, Thamer Mallouh, Privatization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Reality, Aspirations and Security Dimensions (An Analytical Study), The Arab Journal for Security Studies, Vol. 11, No. 22, 1996.
[6] Dunya, Shawky (2003), Privatization and Reducing the Role of the Public Sector - The Position of the Islamic Economy, Third World Conference on Islamic Economics, College of Sharia - Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Al-Mukarramah, 2003.
[7] Abdel Wahab, Ahmed, the Concept of Privatization Methods, the Egyptian Center for Public Policy Studies.
[8] Hussein, Essam (2016), International Monetary Fund Report, Saudi Arabia.
[9] Makrib, Dia El-Din Ali (2004), the economic and social effects of the privatization experience in Sudan - a case study of the Sudanese Telecom Company Ltd., a master's thesis in economics, published, Faculty of Economic and Social Studies, Department of Economics, University of Khartoum.
[10] Al Ibrahim, Basem bin Ahmed and Sheikh, Saeed bin Abdullah and Taher, Nahid Muhammad Hassan, Developing the Relationship between the Government Sector and the Private Sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh Economic Forum, 2016.
[11] R S. J. Kesan, The Privatization of the Internet’s Backbone Network, College of Law , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
[12] J. Light, (2001), the Effects of Privatization on Public Services: A Historical Evaluation, EW DIRECTIONS FOR EVALUATION, https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.10.
[13] Rahouma, Abdul Salam Masoud,(2007), Privatization Experiences and Its Effects on Raising Economic Efficiency, Journal of Economic Sciences, No. 16, http://www.abhatoo.net.ma/page-principale
[14] Thabet, Nahamdeh Abdul Hamid (2004), Promoting privatization issues (global experiences), a paper presented to the Third International Conference on Islamic Economy held at the Faculty of Sharia - Umm Al-Qura University - Makkah Al-Mukarramah Al-Muharram 1425 AH, Department of Islamic Economics, College of Sharia and Islamic Studies.
[15] Oweida, Haitham Yousef (2003), Privatization in the Palestinian Economy (Applied Study in Palestinian Institutions), a master’s thesis, published, the study was presented to complete the requirements for a master’s degree in the Economic Policy Management Program, College of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
[16] Al-Jubouri, Sawsan Karim (2009), Privatization as a means to achieve economic reform in Iraq, Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Administrative and Economic Sciences, Volume 11, Issue 3.
[17] Zubi, Akram Ali and Al-Nakhat, Khaled Abdel Wahed (2016), the impact of the application of the privatization program on the performance of companies: experiences of some other countries, Journal of Financial and Economic Research, first edition, Article No. (1) 1-27.
[18] Dahal, Riyadh and Al-Hajj, Hassan, On Privatization Methods, Economist - The Arab Planning Institute in Kuwait, 1998.
[19] Eter, Othman (2007), Privatization, University of Aleppo, Faculty of Economics, Postgraduate Diploma, Accounting Department, Accounting Theory.
[20] E.L.C. Sheshinski, (2003), Privatization and Its Benefits: Theory and Evidence, CESifo Economic Studies, Vol. 49, No. 3, Institute for Economic Research, https://doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/49.3.429.
[21] Al-Zwaini, Khadija Jumaa and Salloum, Hassan Abdel Karim (2009), the global financial crisis and the privatization of companies, the Seventh International Scientific Conference, Zarqa Private University
[22] Abdel Karim, Khaled Taha (2010), an economic vision on the subject of privatization, Diyala Journal, Issue 43, College of Administration and Economics.
[23] G. Cabeza, (2007), The Spanish Privatisation Process: implications on the performance of divested firms¨ International Review of Financial Analysis, vol.16, No 4, P: 390-409.
[24] Privatization of State-Owned Enterprises, CIPE (cipe-arabia.org).
[25] Karim, Ali Khudair (2010), Privatization and the Transformation Necessities of the Iraqi Economy, Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Administrative and Economic Sciences, Volume 12, Issue 2, College of Administration and Economics.
[26] Haider, Khaled (2009), Analyzing the Reality of Privatization in the Iraqi Economy, Karbala University Scientific Journal, first issue, Humanity: pp. (92-106).
[27] S. P. Schoenberg, Government Privatization History, Examples, and Issues Commission on Government Forecasting and Accountability, 703 Stratton Office Building, 2006.
[28] Al-Nuwaihi (15 June, 2014) the role of universities in the advancement of scientific research and its impact on society - Arab Democratic Center, (democraticac.de).
[29] List of Iraq Universities - (wikipedia.org).
[30] Abdul Sahib (June 6, 2020) 3 levels of time to improve the reality of higher education in Iraq, (alsabaah.iq).
[31] Al-Dahesh (June 6, 2018) Higher Education and Scientific Research in Iraq: Reality and Ambition (annabaa.org).
[32] Shaheen, Muhammad Ahmad (2005), Privatization of Education, Al-Quds Open University - Palestine
[33] Nawawra 2021, what does privatization of education mean - contents site (mhtwyat.com).
[34] Al-Akaili, Hassan Mandeel Hassan (2010), The Evening Study, Problems and Solutions, The Second Conference for Quality Assurance and Academic Accreditation - University of Kufa, (aligeali.blogspot.com).
[35] Abd Jassem, Abd al-Rasoul (2015), Privatization between implementation necessities and challenges, Al-Mansour Magazine, No. 23.
[36] Al-Rubaie (09-2021) Education problems in Iraq and their solutions (shafaq.com).
[37] Al-Zaki (April 4, 2009) Evening University Studies; A painful reality, (ankawa.com).
[38] Ahmed (February 15, 2022) Voice of Iraq - Studies Center: Education trade increases the number of universities and private schools in Iraq, (sotaliraq.com).
[39] Taqa, Muhammad, and Ajlan, Hussein (2000), The Philosophy of Private University Education in Iraq, Content and Dimensions, The Second Scientific Conference of Ahl al-Bayt University, No. 2, pp. 171-182 (abu.edu.iq).
[40] Al-Hadithi (12 December 2021) - The reality and future of private education in Iraq, a reading in light of Mr. Muqtada Al-Sadr’s call for its abolition, (ahewar.org).
[41] Shodab (14 December 2021) what is the meaning of privatization in education and what are its types, advantages and disadvantages - the reference website, (almrj3.com).
[42] Hadeer (June 13, 2022) what does privatization of education mean Pros and cons of privatization , (almrsal.com).
[2] Al-Mana, Aziza (2003), does privatization meet education needs? Attitudes of educational leaders in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia towards the privatization of public education in it, Damascus University Journal, Volume 19, Number 2, pp. 96-140.
[3] Nima, Manaf Marza and Dakhil, Alaa Abbas (2019), strategies for financing education and the possibilities of shifting towards a productive university and achieving integration in the labor market, selected experiences with special reference to Iraq, Iraqi Journal of Economic Sciences, Vol. 17, No. 61, p. 62- 86.
[4] Al-Obaidi, Ibrahim Abdel-Latif (2011), Privatization between Islamic Economy and Positive Economy - A Comparative Study, 1st Edition, Department of Islamic Affairs and Charitable Activities in Dubai, UAE.
[5] Al-Mutairi, Thamer Mallouh, Privatization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Reality, Aspirations and Security Dimensions (An Analytical Study), The Arab Journal for Security Studies, Vol. 11, No. 22, 1996.
[6] Dunya, Shawky (2003), Privatization and Reducing the Role of the Public Sector - The Position of the Islamic Economy, Third World Conference on Islamic Economics, College of Sharia - Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Al-Mukarramah, 2003.
[7] Abdel Wahab, Ahmed, the Concept of Privatization Methods, the Egyptian Center for Public Policy Studies.
[8] Hussein, Essam (2016), International Monetary Fund Report, Saudi Arabia.
[9] Makrib, Dia El-Din Ali (2004), the economic and social effects of the privatization experience in Sudan - a case study of the Sudanese Telecom Company Ltd., a master's thesis in economics, published, Faculty of Economic and Social Studies, Department of Economics, University of Khartoum.
[10] Al Ibrahim, Basem bin Ahmed and Sheikh, Saeed bin Abdullah and Taher, Nahid Muhammad Hassan, Developing the Relationship between the Government Sector and the Private Sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh Economic Forum, 2016.
[11] R S. J. Kesan, The Privatization of the Internet’s Backbone Network, College of Law , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
[12] J. Light, (2001), the Effects of Privatization on Public Services: A Historical Evaluation, EW DIRECTIONS FOR EVALUATION, https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.10.
[13] Rahouma, Abdul Salam Masoud,(2007), Privatization Experiences and Its Effects on Raising Economic Efficiency, Journal of Economic Sciences, No. 16, http://www.abhatoo.net.ma/page-principale
[14] Thabet, Nahamdeh Abdul Hamid (2004), Promoting privatization issues (global experiences), a paper presented to the Third International Conference on Islamic Economy held at the Faculty of Sharia - Umm Al-Qura University - Makkah Al-Mukarramah Al-Muharram 1425 AH, Department of Islamic Economics, College of Sharia and Islamic Studies.
[15] Oweida, Haitham Yousef (2003), Privatization in the Palestinian Economy (Applied Study in Palestinian Institutions), a master’s thesis, published, the study was presented to complete the requirements for a master’s degree in the Economic Policy Management Program, College of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
[16] Al-Jubouri, Sawsan Karim (2009), Privatization as a means to achieve economic reform in Iraq, Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Administrative and Economic Sciences, Volume 11, Issue 3.
[17] Zubi, Akram Ali and Al-Nakhat, Khaled Abdel Wahed (2016), the impact of the application of the privatization program on the performance of companies: experiences of some other countries, Journal of Financial and Economic Research, first edition, Article No. (1) 1-27.
[18] Dahal, Riyadh and Al-Hajj, Hassan, On Privatization Methods, Economist - The Arab Planning Institute in Kuwait, 1998.
[19] Eter, Othman (2007), Privatization, University of Aleppo, Faculty of Economics, Postgraduate Diploma, Accounting Department, Accounting Theory.
[20] E.L.C. Sheshinski, (2003), Privatization and Its Benefits: Theory and Evidence, CESifo Economic Studies, Vol. 49, No. 3, Institute for Economic Research, https://doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/49.3.429.
[21] Al-Zwaini, Khadija Jumaa and Salloum, Hassan Abdel Karim (2009), the global financial crisis and the privatization of companies, the Seventh International Scientific Conference, Zarqa Private University
[22] Abdel Karim, Khaled Taha (2010), an economic vision on the subject of privatization, Diyala Journal, Issue 43, College of Administration and Economics.
[23] G. Cabeza, (2007), The Spanish Privatisation Process: implications on the performance of divested firms¨ International Review of Financial Analysis, vol.16, No 4, P: 390-409.
[24] Privatization of State-Owned Enterprises, CIPE (cipe-arabia.org).
[25] Karim, Ali Khudair (2010), Privatization and the Transformation Necessities of the Iraqi Economy, Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Administrative and Economic Sciences, Volume 12, Issue 2, College of Administration and Economics.
[26] Haider, Khaled (2009), Analyzing the Reality of Privatization in the Iraqi Economy, Karbala University Scientific Journal, first issue, Humanity: pp. (92-106).
[27] S. P. Schoenberg, Government Privatization History, Examples, and Issues Commission on Government Forecasting and Accountability, 703 Stratton Office Building, 2006.
[28] Al-Nuwaihi (15 June, 2014) the role of universities in the advancement of scientific research and its impact on society - Arab Democratic Center, (democraticac.de).
[29] List of Iraq Universities - (wikipedia.org).
[30] Abdul Sahib (June 6, 2020) 3 levels of time to improve the reality of higher education in Iraq, (alsabaah.iq).
[31] Al-Dahesh (June 6, 2018) Higher Education and Scientific Research in Iraq: Reality and Ambition (annabaa.org).
[32] Shaheen, Muhammad Ahmad (2005), Privatization of Education, Al-Quds Open University - Palestine
[33] Nawawra 2021, what does privatization of education mean - contents site (mhtwyat.com).
[34] Al-Akaili, Hassan Mandeel Hassan (2010), The Evening Study, Problems and Solutions, The Second Conference for Quality Assurance and Academic Accreditation - University of Kufa, (aligeali.blogspot.com).
[35] Abd Jassem, Abd al-Rasoul (2015), Privatization between implementation necessities and challenges, Al-Mansour Magazine, No. 23.
[36] Al-Rubaie (09-2021) Education problems in Iraq and their solutions (shafaq.com).
[37] Al-Zaki (April 4, 2009) Evening University Studies; A painful reality, (ankawa.com).
[38] Ahmed (February 15, 2022) Voice of Iraq - Studies Center: Education trade increases the number of universities and private schools in Iraq, (sotaliraq.com).
[39] Taqa, Muhammad, and Ajlan, Hussein (2000), The Philosophy of Private University Education in Iraq, Content and Dimensions, The Second Scientific Conference of Ahl al-Bayt University, No. 2, pp. 171-182 (abu.edu.iq).
[40] Al-Hadithi (12 December 2021) - The reality and future of private education in Iraq, a reading in light of Mr. Muqtada Al-Sadr’s call for its abolition, (ahewar.org).
[41] Shodab (14 December 2021) what is the meaning of privatization in education and what are its types, advantages and disadvantages - the reference website, (almrj3.com).
[42] Hadeer (June 13, 2022) what does privatization of education mean Pros and cons of privatization , (almrsal.com).
منشور
2022-09-26
كيفية الاقتباس
باسمة حازم محمد, & عدنان ياسر محمد. (2022). تأثير الخصخصة في واقع الاقتصاد العراقي: (بحث في وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي انموذجا). Journal of Educational and Human Sciences, (15), 77-99. https://doi.org/10.33193/JEAHS.15.2022.273
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