المحاولات الانقلابية ضد الرئيس الكيني السابق دانيال أراب موي (1980-1982)
الكلمات المفتاحية:
موي، حزب كانو، كينيا، نجونجو، كينياتا، أودينكا
الملخص
شغل دانيال أراب موي منصب ثاني رئيس في تاريخ كينيا خلال المدة الممتدة بين عامي (1978-2002)، وقبل أن يصبح رئيسًا شغل منصب نائب رئيس كينيا السابق جومو كينياتا خلال المدة بين عامي (1967-1978). وقد أُرغم على إجراء انتخابات تعددية في البلاد في العام 1991، بعد موجة من السخط الشعبي والضغوط الخارجية، وتمكن من قيادة حزب اتحاد كينيا الأفريقي الوطني للفوز في كلٍ من انتخابات العام 1992 وانتخابات العام 1997.
يطلق الكينيون على موي لقب ((بروفيسور السياسة))، وعُرف أيضًا بـ((الرجل القوي))، الذي حكم كينيا لأطول مدة رئاسية منذ استقلالها عن الاحتلال البريطاني في العام 1963، وحتى الآن تُعَدّ ولايته أطول ولاية لرئيس في التاريخ الكيني، والتي بلغت (24) عامًا.
ولأن موي أعقب مرحلة ما بعد الاستقلال، فقد شهدت حقبته العديد من التناقضات، بين تعددية الأحزاب والحكم بالحديد والنار، فقد أعتلى السلطة عندما بدأ الاقتصاد الكيني مرحلة الركود، وسرعان ما واجه معارضة متزايدة ومحاولات انقلاب على حكمه. وفي هذا السياق، ترأس نظامًا استبداديًّا، معتمدًا على شبكة من المؤيدين المخلصين.
المراجع
1. A Special Correspondent, “Realignment in Kenya Politics 1965-1966”, Africa Today, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, Vol. (13), No. (3), Mar 1966.
2. Africa Watch, Kenya: Taking Liberties, New York, 1991.
3. Andrew Morton, Moi: The Making of An African Statesman, London, 1998.
4. Angelique Hangerud, The Culture of Politics in Modern Kenya, Cambridge, 1995.
5. Anyang and Nyong, “Struggles for political power and class contradictions in Kenya”, Contemporary Marxism Journal, No. (7), 1983.
6. Arthur Hazelwood, “End of the East African Community”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. (18), No. (1), 1979.
7. Assa Okoth and Agumba Ndaloh, Peak Revision (KCPE) Social studies, East African puldishers, Nairobi, 2006.
8. B. Assensoh, African Political leadership: Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah and Julius K. Nyerere, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company, 1998.
9. Babafemi A. Badejo, Ralia Odinga: An Enigma in Kenyan Politics, Lagos, 2006.
10. Barbara Grosh, Public Enterprise in Kenya: What works, What doesn’t and Why?, Boulder, 1991.
11. Bernt Holger Hansen and Michael Twadle, Religion and Politics in East Africa, London, 1995.
12. Charles Hornsby, Kenya: A History since Independence, New york, 2012.
13. Ephalina A. Maina and other, History and Government, Nairobi, East Afracan Educational, Publishers, 2004.
14. Guy Arnold, Kenyatta and the Politics of Kenya, London, 1974.
15. Harris M. Lents, Heads of states and Governments, Worldwide Encyclopedia of over 2,300 leaders 1945 through 1992, New York, 2013.
16. Hornsby, “The Member of Parliament”, The Standard Paper, 27 March 1980.
17. J. Klopp, “Ethnic Clashes and Winning Elections: The Case of Kenya’s Electoral Despotism”, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol. (3), No. (35), 2001.
18. Jeffrey Steeves, “Beyond democratic consolidation in Kenya: ethnicity, leadership and unbounded politics”, African Identities, Vol. (4), No. (2), London, 2006.
19. Jennifer Widner, The rice of a party-state in Kenya: From Harambee! to Nyayo!, Berkeley, 1992.
20. Joseph Karimi and Philip Ochieng, The Kenyatta Succession, Nairobi, 1980.
21. K. G. Adar, “Ethnicity and Ethnic Kings: The Enduring Dual Constraint in Kenya's Multiethnic Democratic Electoral Experiment”, Journal of the Third World Spectrum, Vol. (5), No. (2), 1998.
22. Kenya, Report of Judicial Commission Appointed to Inquire into Allegations Involving Charles Mugane Njonjo, Nairobi: Government Printer, November 1984.
23. Kihoro Wanyiri, Never say die: The chronicle of a political prisoner, Nairobi, 1998.
24. Koigi We Wamwere, Trefuse to Oiei MX Journey for freedom, seven stories press, New York, 2002.
25. Ndirangu Mwaura, Kenya Today: Breaking the Yoke of Colonialism in Africa, New York: Algora Publishing, 2005.
26. Nick Wanjohi, Political Parties in Kenya ,Nairobi, 1997.
27. Njonjo in the National Assembly”, Daily nation, 10 May 1979.
28. Odinga, In dependent Kenya, London. 1982.
29. Ogot and Ochieng, Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, Nairobi, 1998.
30. Patrick O. Alila, Kenya’s Parliamentary Elections: Ethnic politics in tow Rural Constituencies in Nyanza, Nairobi, 1986.
31. Robert Pateman and Sosie Elias, Kenya, New York, 2014.
32. Roger East and Richard J. Thomas, Government leaders, New York, 2003.
33. W. Maina, “Constitutional Crisis in Kenya: An Inquiry into the Origins, Nature and Prospects of Reform”, Paper Precedented to the IPAR Project on Constitution- Making in Kenya, November/ December 1996.
2. Africa Watch, Kenya: Taking Liberties, New York, 1991.
3. Andrew Morton, Moi: The Making of An African Statesman, London, 1998.
4. Angelique Hangerud, The Culture of Politics in Modern Kenya, Cambridge, 1995.
5. Anyang and Nyong, “Struggles for political power and class contradictions in Kenya”, Contemporary Marxism Journal, No. (7), 1983.
6. Arthur Hazelwood, “End of the East African Community”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. (18), No. (1), 1979.
7. Assa Okoth and Agumba Ndaloh, Peak Revision (KCPE) Social studies, East African puldishers, Nairobi, 2006.
8. B. Assensoh, African Political leadership: Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah and Julius K. Nyerere, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company, 1998.
9. Babafemi A. Badejo, Ralia Odinga: An Enigma in Kenyan Politics, Lagos, 2006.
10. Barbara Grosh, Public Enterprise in Kenya: What works, What doesn’t and Why?, Boulder, 1991.
11. Bernt Holger Hansen and Michael Twadle, Religion and Politics in East Africa, London, 1995.
12. Charles Hornsby, Kenya: A History since Independence, New york, 2012.
13. Ephalina A. Maina and other, History and Government, Nairobi, East Afracan Educational, Publishers, 2004.
14. Guy Arnold, Kenyatta and the Politics of Kenya, London, 1974.
15. Harris M. Lents, Heads of states and Governments, Worldwide Encyclopedia of over 2,300 leaders 1945 through 1992, New York, 2013.
16. Hornsby, “The Member of Parliament”, The Standard Paper, 27 March 1980.
17. J. Klopp, “Ethnic Clashes and Winning Elections: The Case of Kenya’s Electoral Despotism”, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol. (3), No. (35), 2001.
18. Jeffrey Steeves, “Beyond democratic consolidation in Kenya: ethnicity, leadership and unbounded politics”, African Identities, Vol. (4), No. (2), London, 2006.
19. Jennifer Widner, The rice of a party-state in Kenya: From Harambee! to Nyayo!, Berkeley, 1992.
20. Joseph Karimi and Philip Ochieng, The Kenyatta Succession, Nairobi, 1980.
21. K. G. Adar, “Ethnicity and Ethnic Kings: The Enduring Dual Constraint in Kenya's Multiethnic Democratic Electoral Experiment”, Journal of the Third World Spectrum, Vol. (5), No. (2), 1998.
22. Kenya, Report of Judicial Commission Appointed to Inquire into Allegations Involving Charles Mugane Njonjo, Nairobi: Government Printer, November 1984.
23. Kihoro Wanyiri, Never say die: The chronicle of a political prisoner, Nairobi, 1998.
24. Koigi We Wamwere, Trefuse to Oiei MX Journey for freedom, seven stories press, New York, 2002.
25. Ndirangu Mwaura, Kenya Today: Breaking the Yoke of Colonialism in Africa, New York: Algora Publishing, 2005.
26. Nick Wanjohi, Political Parties in Kenya ,Nairobi, 1997.
27. Njonjo in the National Assembly”, Daily nation, 10 May 1979.
28. Odinga, In dependent Kenya, London. 1982.
29. Ogot and Ochieng, Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, Nairobi, 1998.
30. Patrick O. Alila, Kenya’s Parliamentary Elections: Ethnic politics in tow Rural Constituencies in Nyanza, Nairobi, 1986.
31. Robert Pateman and Sosie Elias, Kenya, New York, 2014.
32. Roger East and Richard J. Thomas, Government leaders, New York, 2003.
33. W. Maina, “Constitutional Crisis in Kenya: An Inquiry into the Origins, Nature and Prospects of Reform”, Paper Precedented to the IPAR Project on Constitution- Making in Kenya, November/ December 1996.
منشور
2023-03-18
كيفية الاقتباس
أ.د. موفق هادي سالم, & م.م. أسماء غني داود. (2023). المحاولات الانقلابية ضد الرئيس الكيني السابق دانيال أراب موي (1980-1982). Journal of Educational and Human Sciences, (21), 146-159. https://doi.org/10.33193/JEAHS.21.2023.335
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